Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, commonly known as RT-PCR, is a molecular technique used to amplify and detect specific RNA sequences. It involves the reverse transcription of RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA) by using reverse transcriptase, followed by the amplification of cDNA with the help of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RT-PCR is commonly employed for the detection and quantification of viral RNA, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19. The specificity and sensitivity of RT-PCR makes it a valuable tool for diagnosing infections, monitoring disease outbreaks, and studying gene expression. The RT-PCR process can be automated, allowing the analysis of a large number of samples, which makes it a key tool in the fight against COVID-19. However, RT-PCR can also be influenced by various factors, such as sample quality and the interpretation of results.

How is an RT-PCR test conducted?

RT-PCR is a swab test used to detect the presence of virus (e.g., SARS-CoV-2). Here's a brief overview of the steps involved in an RT-PCR test:

The RT-PCR test is considered the gold standard test for detecting virus in a patient, but it requires specialised equipment and trained personnel. Trained professionals can collect samples for the RT-PCR test at home. The RT-PCR test results can be typically available within 24–72 hours.

Accuracy of the RT-PCR lab test

RT-PCR is a commonly used diagnostic test for COVID-19. It has high accuracy, but its accuracy can vary based on factors such as the quality of the sample collected, the stage of the infection, and the specific RT-PCR assay used. False negative results can occur in early stages of infection or if the sample is not adequate. False positive results may also occur, particularly in areas with a low prevalence of COVID-19. To maximise accuracy, RT-PCR testing should be combined with other diagnostic tools, such as rapid antigen tests, and considered along with clinical presentation and exposure history.

Who should get the RT-PCR test done?

Individuals who exhibit the symptoms of COVID-19 or have been in close contact with a confirmed case are required to take the test. Furthermore, if a person is travelling very often from one region to another or from one country to the other, there is high probability that the person might contract a virus-borne disease.

Are there any side effects of the RT-PCR test?

The RT-PCR test for COVID-19 does not typically have significant side effects. Some people may experience mild discomfort during the test, such as a sore throat or runny nose, but these symptoms are generally short lived. Rarely, some people may experience a more serious reaction, such as a fainting episode or an allergic reaction, but this is extremely uncommon.